Most elements are not ferromagnetic. Copper and Manganese are not magnetic.
Copper has 29 protons in its nucleus.
Nickel has 28.
Cobalt has 27.
Iron has 26.
Manganese has 25 protons.
The nucleus of Iron was expected to cause stability and ferromagnetism. A wooden model of the 56 baryons is shown to have a surprising shape. Sphere packing was done with a cube at the center of six pyramids of baryons. Two loops of protons surround isolated single protons. It is like a transformer or lens. Protons are white, neutrons are dark beads in the Figures. There are 25 protons in the wooden model of Manganese 55: 2 isolated protons and two loops of 12 and 11 protons. The Iron model would look the same as Mn, but with an added proton in the loop, as in Fig. 10. Iron has two loops of 12 protons, isolated by neutrons, so they are away from any other protons.
Neutrons can be added or removed from Iron 56 with no loss of isolation.
The shape is a cube with pyramids on each face. The 3x3x3 cube has 27 baryons, but only 8 are protons, 19 are neutrons. It is a cubic hexapyramid. It is a femtomechanical lens to explain ferromagnetism.
Stability of the Fe 56 nucleus is helped by the couch shaped loops. Each end proton is couched in a loop of protons that is bent, as in Figures 8 and 9. Iron looks like the Manganese models, but with an added proton over the Gap.
The ferromagnetic elements Fe, Co, and Ni all have
the two loops of protons shown in the photographs.
That enforces stability of the nucleus and it is
hypothesized that ferromagnetism is caused by the
two closed loops on each nucleus. Those are elements
26, 27, 28.
Figures are for Manganese 55, a basis for Iron 56.
The cube has no center proton.
Element 25 is Manganese and its loop has a gap in
one loop of protons. Figure 9 with a gap labeled is
now understood as Manganese 55. Iron would have that
gap filled by a proton.
Element 29 is copper and the loops are made to short
circuit by the added proton. That defective loop
prevents Copper from being ferromagnetic. The neutrons
that would have isolated a loop have been supplemented
with a proton that wrecks the isolation.
Gadolinium is ferromagnetic and it is being modeled
using glass marbles to see if the hypothesis is right.
The model is not ready yet, just started Gd, element 64.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
HYPOTHESIS
Elements lighter than Iron cannot be ferromagnetic
because there are not enough protons to make two loops
that are coaxial with interior isolated protons.
Elements heavier than Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt can only
be ferromagnetic if two isolated loops of protons are
formed to be coaxial with interior isolated protons.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Conclusion
As above, so below.
As in the nucleus, so in the orbitals.
Figure zero, period table
Copper has 29 protons in its nucleus.
Nickel has 28.
Cobalt has 27.
Iron has 26.
Manganese has 25 protons.
Figure 1: Copper makes a loop short circuit in nucleus
Manganese opens a gap in one loop of protons.
Non-ferrous elements do not look like the Iron nucleus.
Ferrous elements look like the Iron nucleus. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, and Gadolinium all have two loops of protons and coaxial isolated protons.
Protons are green glass beads and neutrons are white.
June 18, 2017
Alan Folmsbee 808-283-3092 voicemail checked weekly
July 1, 2017
Figure 2: Manganese and other elements with 2 loops of protons in nucleus
Figure 3: Silhouettes of some Elements' nuclei, part 1
Figure 4: part 2 of Silhouettes
July 12, 2017
from June 12, 2017...
Iron 56
Neutrons can be added or removed from Iron 56 with no loss of isolation.
The shape is a cube with pyramids on each face. The 3x3x3 cube has 27 baryons, but only 8 are protons, 19 are neutrons. It is a cubic hexapyramid. It is a femtomechanical lens to explain ferromagnetism.
Stability of the Fe 56 nucleus is helped by the couch shaped loops. Each end proton is couched in a loop of protons that is bent, as in Figures 8 and 9. Iron looks like the Manganese models, but with an added proton over the Gap.
The ferromagnetic elements Fe, Co, and Ni all have
the two loops of protons shown in the photographs.
That enforces stability of the nucleus and it is
hypothesized that ferromagnetism is caused by the
two closed loops on each nucleus. Those are elements
26, 27, 28.
Figures are for Manganese 55, a basis for Iron 56.
The cube has no center proton.
Element 25 is Manganese and its loop has a gap in
one loop of protons. Figure 9 with a gap labeled is
now understood as Manganese 55. Iron would have that
gap filled by a proton.
Element 29 is copper and the loops are made to short
circuit by the added proton. That defective loop
prevents Copper from being ferromagnetic. The neutrons
that would have isolated a loop have been supplemented
with a proton that wrecks the isolation.
Gadolinium is ferromagnetic and it is being modeled
using glass marbles to see if the hypothesis is right.
The model is not ready yet, just started Gd, element 64.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
HYPOTHESIS
Elements lighter than Iron cannot be ferromagnetic
because there are not enough protons to make two loops
that are coaxial with interior isolated protons.
Elements heavier than Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt can only
be ferromagnetic if two isolated loops of protons are
formed to be coaxial with interior isolated protons.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Conclusion
As above, so below.
As in the nucleus, so in the orbitals.
Figure zero, period table
Figure 1: protons are white, neutrons dark
Figure 2: deleted
Figure 3: one pyramid on the cube
Figure 4: two loops of protons, Mn
Figure 5: two loops couch two single protons, Mn and Fe look same
Figure 6: coaxial proton in closed loop, Mn and Fe look same
Figure 7: other end of coaxial lens, Manganese Gap !
Figure 8: both loops visible, Mn or Fe
Figure 9: one loop has a gap, one loop is closed: Manganese 55.
Iron nucleus would have the Gap filled by a proton (not shown).
Cobalt and Nickel also fill the Gap with a proton.
Figure 10: Iron 56
May 30, 2017 through June 9, 2017
27 baryons is one choice for the cube. That is for Mn, Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel, elements 25, 26, 27, 28. This explains ferromagnetic Fe and no ferromagnetism in Mn.
Gadolinium 152
Fig. 11:Two Loops, like Fe56, white is neutron, green proton
Fig. 12 Cubic Hexapyramid Gd 152 Ferromagnetic
June 12,
See my paper in the Journal of Nuclear Physics, July, 2021 on chromium. It is anti-ferromagnetic.
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